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Chemistry

Understand matter at the atomic level — atomic structure, periodic trends, bonding, reactions, stoichiometry, gas laws, solutions, acids and bases, thermochemistry, and nuclear chemistry. Interactive Desmos models for gas laws and equilibrium. TEKS §112.43 aligned.

14 Units

40-55 minutes per unit

What You Will Learn

Atoms to Reactions

Atomic structure, periodic trends, bonding, stoichiometry, gas laws, solutions, acids/bases, and thermochemistry.

Quantitative Reasoning

Mole calculations, stoichiometric ratios, gas law problems, and equilibrium — chemistry as applied mathematics.

TEKS §112.43 Aligned

Covers Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Chemistry.

All Units

Matter, Classification, and Measurement

Classify matter by composition and properties, apply SI units of measurement, and perform calculations with significant figures and dimensional analysis.

•Classify matter as elements, compounds, or mixtures and distinguish between physical and chemical properties
•Use SI base units and derived units to express measurements in chemistry
•Determine the number of significant figures in a measurement and apply sig fig rules in calculations
+1 more objectives

Atomic Structure

Trace the development of atomic models from Dalton to the quantum mechanical model, and master isotope notation and electron configuration.

•Describe the key experiments and models in the historical development of atomic theory
•Identify the subatomic particles and their properties (charge, mass, location)
•Calculate atomic number, mass number, and number of neutrons for isotopes
+1 more objectives

The Periodic Table

Explore the organization of the periodic table, understand periodic trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity, and connect electron configuration to element properties.

•Explain the organizational logic of the periodic table by atomic number and electron configuration
•Distinguish metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by physical and chemical properties
•Predict periodic trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity
+1 more objectives

Chemical Bonding

Understand ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, draw Lewis structures, predict molecular geometry with VSEPR theory, and connect bond type to physical properties.

•Explain how ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds form based on electron transfer and sharing
•Draw Lewis dot structures for molecules and polyatomic ions
•Predict molecular geometry using VSEPR theory and determine bond polarity
+1 more objectives

Chemical Formulas and Nomenclature

Learn the systematic rules for naming ionic compounds, covalent compounds, and acids, and practice writing correct chemical formulas from names.

•Write chemical formulas for ionic compounds using ion charges and the crisscross method
•Name ionic compounds including those with polyatomic ions and transition metals
•Name and write formulas for binary covalent compounds using Greek prefixes
+1 more objectives

Chemical Reactions

Classify chemical reactions by type, balance chemical equations, and apply the law of conservation of mass to predict products of reactions.

•Balance chemical equations by adjusting coefficients to conserve atoms
•Classify reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or combustion
•Use the activity series to predict whether a single replacement reaction will occur
+1 more objectives

Master the mole concept, perform mole-mass-particle conversions, use mole ratios from balanced equations, and identify limiting reactants in chemical reactions.

•Define the mole and use Avogadro's number to convert between moles and particles
•Calculate molar mass from the periodic table and convert between grams and moles
•Use mole ratios from balanced equations to predict amounts of reactants and products
+1 more objectives

Explore the behavior of gases through kinetic molecular theory and apply Boyle's, Charles's, Gay-Lussac's, Avogadro's, the combined, and the ideal gas laws to solve quantitative problems.

•Describe the postulates of kinetic molecular theory and explain how they account for gas behavior
•Apply Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's laws to predict changes in pressure, volume, and temperature
•Use the combined gas law and the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) to solve problems involving gases
+1 more objectives

Solutions and Solubility

Understand how solutions form, calculate concentration using molarity, perform dilution calculations, and analyze the factors that affect solubility and colligative properties.

•Distinguish solutes, solvents, and types of solutions, and describe the dissolving process at the molecular level
•Calculate molarity and use it to determine amounts of solute or volumes of solution needed
•Apply the dilution equation (M₁V₁ = M₂V₂) to prepare solutions of desired concentration
+1 more objectives

Acids and Bases

Define acids and bases using the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry models, calculate pH, distinguish strong from weak acids and bases, and analyze neutralization reactions, buffers, and indicators.

•Define acids and bases according to the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry models and identify conjugate acid-base pairs
•Calculate pH, pOH, and hydrogen ion concentration, and interpret the pH scale
•Distinguish strong acids/bases from weak acids/bases and explain the difference in terms of ionization
+1 more objectives

Thermochemistry

Classify reactions as endothermic or exothermic, measure energy changes through calorimetry, apply Hess's law to calculate enthalpy changes, and use bond energies to estimate reaction energy.

•Distinguish endothermic and exothermic processes and represent them with enthalpy diagrams
•Use calorimetry data (q = mcΔT) to calculate the heat absorbed or released by a reaction
•Apply Hess's law to determine enthalpy changes for reactions that cannot be measured directly
+1 more objectives

Reaction Rates and Equilibrium

Analyze the factors that affect reaction rates through collision theory, understand activation energy and catalysts, and apply Le Chatelier's principle to predict shifts in chemical equilibrium.

•Explain reaction rates using collision theory and identify factors that increase effective collisions
•Describe the role of activation energy and how catalysts lower it without being consumed
•Define chemical equilibrium and write equilibrium constant expressions (Keq)
+1 more objectives

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Assign oxidation numbers, identify oxidation-reduction reactions, balance redox equations, and explore the fundamentals of electrochemistry including galvanic cells.

•Assign oxidation numbers to atoms in compounds and ions using established rules
•Identify what is oxidized, what is reduced, and the electron transfer in redox reactions
•Balance redox equations using the half-reaction method
+1 more objectives

Nuclear Chemistry

Distinguish alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, calculate half-lives, compare nuclear fission and fusion, and evaluate the applications of nuclear chemistry in medicine, energy production, and radiometric dating.

•Describe alpha, beta, and gamma radiation and compare their penetrating power and ionizing ability
•Use half-life calculations to determine the remaining quantity of a radioactive isotope after a given time
•Compare and contrast nuclear fission and fusion in terms of process, energy release, and applications
+1 more objectives

Chemistry. Texas FHSP/DLA graduation requirement. TEKS §112.43 aligned. Prerequisite: Biology.