Export Controls
Government restrictions on the sale or transfer of specific goods, technologies, or equipment — including advanced semiconductors and manufacturing equipment — to designated countries or end users, aimed at limiting an adversary's access to strategically significant capability. U.S.-led controls on advanced chips and lithography equipment to China (2022-) show a genuinely contested, mixed record: real friction (documented component substitution) alongside a persisting technical gap in Chinese frontier-node manufacturing, neither fact alone settling whether the controls have 'worked.'